Product Integration (PI) Category: Engineering
Notes:
·
The contents of this web page were extracted from
the following document: Capability Maturity Model® Integration
(CMMISM), Version 1.1, Continuous Representation,
CMU/SEI-2002-TR-011, March 2002 (CMMI-SE/SW/IPPD/SS). Copyright 2002 by Carnegie
Mellon University. NO WARRANTY.
·
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in square brackets that appear at the end of paragraphs.
·
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·
In the CMMI, a subset is known as a "Process Area
(PA)" and a requirement is known as a "Practice". The specific practices are
referred to as SPs and the generic practices are referred to as GPs.
·
This web page contains the text for SPs and GPs as
it appears in Chapter 7 of the CMMI document, in the section corresponding to
the process area named in the heading of this page. This web page does not
include the detailed description of the GPs that appears in a separate chapter
of the CMMI document; the
detailed description of the GPs is available in a separate web
page. (Note: Using the hyperlink provided here will open that web page in a
separate window.)
Purpose The purpose of Product Integration is to assemble the
product from the product components, ensure that the product, as integrated,
functions properly, and deliver the product.
[PA147]
Introductory Notes This process area addresses the integration of product components into more complex product components or into complete products. The term “integration” is used in this sense throughout this process area and is not to be confused with integration of people or activities that may be described elsewhere in the model. [PA147.N101]
The scope of this process area is to achieve complete product integration through progressive assembly of product components, in one stage or in incremental stages, according to a defined integration sequence and procedures. [PA147.N102]
A critical aspect of product integration is the management of internal and external interfaces of the products and product components to ensure compatibility among the interfaces. Attention should be paid to interface management throughout the project. [PA147.N103]
Product integration is more than just a one-time assembly
of the product components at the conclusion of design and fabrication. Product
integration can be conducted incrementally, using an iterative process of
assembling product components, evaluating them, and then assembling more product
components. This process may begin with analysis and simulations (e.g., threads,
rapid prototypes, virtual prototypes, and physical prototypes) and steadily
progress through increasingly more realistic incremental functionality until the
final product is achieved. In each successive build, prototypes (virtual, rapid,
or physical) are constructed, evaluated, improved, and reconstructed based upon
knowledge gained in the evaluation process. The degree of virtual vs. physical
prototyping required depends on the functionality of the design tools, the
complexity of the product, and its associated risk. There is a high probability
that the product, integrated in this manner, will pass product verification and
validation. For some products, the last integration phase will occur when the
product is deployed at its intended operational site. [PA147.N104]
Refer to the Requirements Development process area for more information
about identifying interface requirements. [PA147.R101]
Refer to the Technical Solution process area for more information about
defining the interfaces and the integration environment (when the integration
environment needs to be developed). [PA147.R102]
Refer to the Verification process area for more information about verifying
the interfaces, the integration environment, and the progressively assembled
product components. [PA147.R103]
Refer to the Validation process area for more information about performing
validation of the product components and the integrated product.
[PA147.R104]
Refer to the Risk Management process area for more information about
identifying risks and the use of prototypes in risk mitigation for both
interface compatibility and product-component integration.
[PA147.R105]
Refer to the Decision Analysis and Resolution process area for more
information about using a formal evaluation process for selecting the
appropriate integration sequence and procedures and for deciding whether the
integration environment should be acquired or developed. [PA147.R106]
Refer to the Configuration Management process area for more information
about managing changes to interface definitions and about the distribution of
information. [PA147.R107]
Refer to the Supplier Agreement Management process area for more
information about acquiring product components or parts of the integration
environment. [PA147.R108]
Specific Goals
SG 1
Prepare for Product Integration [PA147.IG101]
Preparation for product integration is conducted.
SG 2
Ensure Interface Compatibility [PA147.IG102]
The product-component interfaces, both internal and external, are compatible.
SG 3
Assemble Product Components and Deliver the Product
[PA147.IG103]
Verified product components are assembled and the integrated, verified, and validated product is delivered.
Generic Goals
GG 1
Achieve Specific Goals [CL102.GL101]
The process supports and enables achievement of the specific goals of the process area by transforming identifiable input work products to produce identifiable output work products.
GG 2
Institutionalize a Managed Process [CL103.GL101]
The process is institutionalized as a managed process.
GG 3
Institutionalize a Defined Process [CL104.GL101]
The process is institutionalized as a defined process.
GG 4
Institutionalize a Quantitatively Managed Process
[CL105.GL101]
The process is institutionalized as a quantitatively managed process.
GG 5
Institutionalize an Optimizing Process [CL106.GL101]
The process is institutionalized as an optimizing process.
Practice-to-Goal Relationship Table
SG 1 Prepare for Product Integration [PA147.IG101]
SP 1.1-1 Determine Integration Sequence
SP 1.2-2 Establish the Product Integration Environment
SP 1.3-3 Establish Product Integration Procedures and Criteria
SG 2 Ensure Interface Compatibility
[PA147.IG102]
SP 2.1-1 Review Interface Descriptions for Completeness
SP 2.2-1 Manage Interfaces
SG 3 Assemble Product Components and Deliver the Product [PA147.IG103]
SP 3.1-1 Confirm Readiness of Product Components for Integration
SP 3.2-1 Assemble Product Components
SP 3.3-1 Evaluate Assembled Product Components
SP 3.4-1 Package and Deliver the Product or Product Component
GG 1 Achieve Specific Goals [CL102.GL101]
GP 1.1 Perform Base Practices
GG 2 Institutionalize a Managed Process [CL103.GL101]
GP 2.1 Establish an Organizational Policy
GP 2.2 Plan the Process
GP 2.3 Provide Resources
GP 2.4 Assign Responsibility
GP 2.5 Train People
GP 2.6 Manage Configurations
GP 2.7 Identify and Involve Relevant Stakeholders
GP 2.8 Monitor and Control the Process
GP 2.9 Objectively Evaluate Adherence
GP 2.10 Review Status with Higher Level Management
GG 3 Institutionalize a Defined Process [CL104.GL101]
GP 3.1 Establish a Defined Process
GP 3.2 Collect Improvement Information
GG 4 Institutionalize a Quantitatively Managed Process [CL105.GL101]
GP 4.1 Establish Quantitative Objectives for the Process
GP 4.2 Stabilize Subprocess Performance
GG 5 Institutionalize an Optimizing Process [CL106.GL101]
GP 5.1 Ensure Continuous Process Improvement
GP 5.2 Correct Root Causes of Problems
Specific Practices by Goal
SG 1 Prepare for Product Integration
Preparation for product integration is conducted. [PA147.IG101]
Preparing for integration of product components involves
establishing and maintaining an integration sequence, the environment for
performing the integration, and integration procedures. The specific practices
of the Prepare for Product Integration specific goal build on each other in the
following way. The first specific practice determines the sequence for product
and product-component integration. The second determines the environment that
will be used to carry out the product and product-component integration. The
third develops procedures and criteria for product and product-component
integration. Preparation for integration starts early in the project and the
integration sequence is developed concurrently with the practices in the
Technical Solution process area.
[PA147.IG101.N101]
SP 1.1-1 Determine Integration Sequence
Determine the product-component integration sequence.
[PA147.IG101.SP101]
The product components that are integrated may include
those that are a part of the product to be delivered along with test equipment,
test software, or other integration items such as fixtures. Once you have
analyzed alternative test and assembly integration sequences, select the best
integration sequence.
[PA147.IG101.SP101.N101]
The product integration sequence can provide for
incremental assembly and evaluation of product components that provide a
problem-free foundation for incorporation of other product components as they
become available, or for prototypes of high-risk product components. [PA147.IG101.SP101.N103]
The integration sequence should be harmonized with the
selection of solutions and the design of product and product components in the
Technical Solution process area.
[PA147.IG101.SP101.N104]
Refer to the Decision Analysis and Resolution process area for more
information about using a formal evaluation process to selecting the appropriate
product integration sequence.
[PA147.IG101.SP101.N104.R101]
Refer to the Risk Management process area for more information about
identifying and handling risks associated with the integration sequence.
[PA147.IG101.SP101.N104.R102]
Refer to the Supplier Agreement Management process area for more
information about transitioning acquired product components and the need for
handling those product components in the product integration sequence.
[PA147.IG101.SP101.N104.R103]
Typical Work Products
1. Product
integration sequence [PA147.IG101.SP101.W101]
2. Rationale for
selecting or rejecting integration sequences [PA147.IG101.SP101.W102]
Subpractices
1. Identify the product
components to be integrated. [PA147.IG101.SP101.SubP101]
2. Identify the product
integration verifications to be performed using the definition of the interfaces
between the product components. [PA147.IG101.SP101.SubP102]
3. Identify alternative
product-component integration sequences. [PA147.IG101.SP101.SubP103]
This can include defining the
specific tools and test equipment to support the product integration.
[PA147.IG101.SP101.SubP103.N101]
4. Select the best integration
sequence. [PA147.IG101.SP101.SubP105]
5. Periodically review the
product integration sequence and revise as needed.
[PA147.IG101.SP101.SubP106]
Assess the product integration
sequence to ensure that variations in production and delivery schedules have not
had an adverse impact on the sequence or compromised the factors upon which
earlier decisions were made.
[PA147.IG101.SP101.SubP106.N101]
6. Record the rationale for
decisions made and deferred. [PA147.IG101.SP101.SubP107]
SP 1.2-2 Establish the Product Integration Environment
Establish and maintain the environment needed to support the integration of the
product components. [PA147.IG101.SP102]
Refer to the Technical Solution process area for more information about
make-or-buy decisions. [PA147.IG101.SP102.R101]
The environment for product integration can either be
acquired or developed. To establish an environment, requirements for the
purchase or development of equipment, software, or other resources will need to
be developed. These requirements are gathered when implementing the processes
associated with the Requirements Development process area. The product
integration environment may include the reuse of existing organizational
resources. The decision to acquire or develop the product integration
environment is addressed in the processes associated with the Technical Solution
process area.
[PA147.IG101.SP102.N101]
The environment required at each step of the product
integration process may include test equipment, simulators (taking the place of
nonavailable product components), pieces of real equipment, and recording
devices.
[PA147.IG101.SP102.N102]
Typical Work Products
1. Verified
environment for product integration [PA147.IG101.SP102.W101]
2. Support
documentation for the product integration environment [PA147.IG101.SP102.W102]
Subpractices
1. Identify the requirements for
the product integration environment. [PA147.IG101.SP102.SubP101]
2. Identify verification criteria
and procedures for the product integration environment.
[PA147.IG101.SP102.SubP102]
3. Decide whether to make or buy
the needed product integration environment.
[PA147.IG101.SP102.SubP103]
Refer to the Supplier Agreement Management process area for more information
about acquiring parts of the integration environment.
[PA147.IG101.SP102.SubP103.R101]
4. Develop an integration
environment if a suitable environment cannot be acquired.
[PA147.IG101.SP102.SubP104]
For unprecedented, complex
projects, the product integration environment can be a major development. As
such, it would involve project planning, requirements development, technical
solutions, verification, validation, and risk management.
[PA147.IG101.SP102.SubP104.N101]
5. Maintain the product
integration environment throughout the project. [PA147.IG101.SP102.SubP105]
6. Dispose of those portions of
the environment that are no longer useful. [PA147.IG101.SP102.SubP106]
SP 1.3-3 Establish Product Integration Procedures and Criteria
Establish and maintain procedures and criteria for integration of the product
components. [PA147.IG101.SP103]
Procedures for the integration of the product components
can include such things as the number of incremental iterations to be performed
and details of the expected tests and other evaluations to be carried out at
each stage.
[PA147.IG101.SP103.N102]
Criteria can indicate the readiness of a product component
for integration or its acceptability.
[PA147.IG101.SP103.N103]
Procedures and criteria for product integration address
the following:
[PA147.IG101.SP103.N105]
· Level of testing for build components
· Verification of interfaces
· Thresholds of performance deviation
· Derived requirements for the assembly and its external interfaces
· Allowable substitutions of components
· Testing environment parameters
· Limits on cost of testing
· Quality/cost tradeoffs for integration operations
· Probability of proper functioning
· Delivery rate and its variation
· Lead time from order to delivery
· Personnel availability
· Availability of the integration facility/line/environment
Criteria can be defined for how the product components are
to be verified and the functions they are expected to have. Criteria can be
defined for how the assembled product components and final integrated product
are to be validated and delivered.
[PA147.IG101.SP103.N106]
Criteria may also constrain the degree of simulation
permitted for a product component to pass a test, or may constrain the
environment to be used for the integration test.
[PA147.IG101.SP103.N104]
For Supplier Sourcing
Pertinent parts of the schedule and criteria for assembly should be shared with suppliers of work products to reduce the occurrence of delays and component failure. [PA147.IG101.SP103.N104.AMP101]
Typical Work Products
1. Product
integration procedures [PA147.IG101.SP103.W101]
2. Product
integration criteria [PA147.IG101.SP103.W102]
Subpractices
1. Establish and maintain product
integration procedures for the product components.
[PA147.IG101.SP103.SubP101]
2. Establish and maintain
criteria for product-component integration and evaluation.
[PA147.IG101.SP103.SubP102]
3. Establish and maintain
criteria for validation and delivery of the integrated product.
[PA147.IG101.SP103.SubP103]
SG 2 Ensure Interface Compatibility
The product-component interfaces, both internal and external, are compatible.
[PA147.IG102]
Many product integration problems arise from unknown or
uncontrolled aspects of both internal and external interfaces. Effective
management of product-component interface requirements, specifications, and
designs helps ensure that implemented interfaces will be complete and
compatible. [PA147.IG102.N101]
SP 2.1-1 Review Interface Descriptions for Completeness
Review interface descriptions for coverage and completeness. [PA147.IG102.SP101]
The interfaces should include, in addition to
product-component interfaces, all the interfaces with the product integration
environment.
[PA147.IG102.SP101.N101]
Typical Work Products
1. Categories of
interfaces [PA147.IG102.SP101.W101]
2. List of
interfaces per category [PA147.IG102.SP101.W102]
3. Mapping of
the interfaces to the product components and product integration environment [PA147.IG102.SP101.W103]
Subpractices
1. Review interface data for
completeness and ensure complete coverage of all interfaces.
[PA147.IG102.SP101.SubP101]
Consider all the product
components and prepare a relationship table. Interfaces are usually classified
in three main classes: environmental, physical, and functional. Typical
categories for these classes include the following: mechanical, fluid, sound,
electrical, climatic, electromagnetic, thermal, message, and the human-machine
or human interface.
[PA147.IG102.SP101.SubP101.N101]
For Software Engineering
In the message category for software, interfaces include the following: [PA147.IG102.SP101.SubP101.N101.AMP101]
· Origination
· Destination
· Stimulus
· Protocols and data characteristics
For Systems Engineering
For mechanical and electronic components, the interface data should include the following: [PA147.IG102.SP101.SubP101.N101.AMP102]
· Mechanical interfaces (e.g., weight and size, center of gravity, clearance of parts in operation, space required for maintenance, fixed links, mobile links, shocks and vibrations received from the bearing structure)
· Noise interfaces (e.g., noise transmitted by the structure, noise transmitted in the air, acoustics)
· Climatic interfaces (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, salinity)
· Thermal interfaces (e.g., heat dissipation, transmission of heat to the bearing structure, air conditioning characteristics)
· Fluid interfaces (e.g., fresh water inlet/outlet, seawater inlet/outlet for a naval/coastal product, air conditioning, compressed air, nitrogen, fuel, lubricating oil, exhaust gas outlet)
· Electrical interfaces (e.g., power supply consumption by network with transients and peak values; non-sensitive control signal for power supply, communications, etc.; sensitive signal [analog links]; disturbing signal [microwave, etc.]; grounding signal to comply with the TEMPEST standard)
· Electromagnetic interfaces (e.g., magnetic field, radio and radar links, optical band link wave guides, coaxial and optical fibers)
· Human-machine interface (e.g., audio or voice synthesis, audio or voice recognition, display [analog dial, TV screen, or liquid crystal display, indicators' light emitting diodes], manual controls [pedal, joystick, ball, keys, push buttons, touch screen])
2. Ensure that product components
and interfaces are marked to ensure easy and correct connection to the joining
product component. [PA147.IG102.SP101.SubP102]
3. Periodically review the
adequacy of interface descriptions. [PA147.IG102.SP101.SubP103]
Once established, the interface
descriptions must be periodically reviewed to ensure there is no deviation
between the existing descriptions and the products being developed, processed,
produced, or bought.
[PA147.IG102.SP101.SubP103.N101]
For Supplier Sourcing
The interface descriptions for product components should be reviewed with relevant suppliers to avoid misinterpretations, reduce delays, and prevent the development of interfaces that do not work properly. [PA147.IG102.SP101.SubP103.N101.AMP101]
Manage internal and external interface definitions, designs, and changes for
products and product components.
[PA147.IG102.SP102]
Interface requirements drive the development of the
interfaces necessary to integrate product components. Managing product and
product-component interfaces starts very early in the development of the
product. The definitions and designs for interfaces affect not only the product
components and external systems, but can also affect the verification and
validation environments.
[PA147.IG102.SP102.N104]
Refer to the Requirements Development process area for more information
about requirements for interfaces.
[PA147.IG102.SP102.N104.R101]
Refer to the Technical Solution process area for more information about
design of interfaces between product components.
[PA147.IG102.SP102.N104.R102]
Refer to the Requirements Management process area for more information
about managing the changes to the interface requirements.
[PA147.IG102.SP102.N104.R103]
Refer to the Configuration Management process area for more information
about distributing changes to the interface descriptions (specifications), so
that everyone can know the current state of the interfaces.
[PA147.IG102.SP102.N104.R104]
Management of the interfaces includes maintenance of the
consistency of the interfaces throughout the life of the product, and resolution
of conflict, noncompliance, and change issues. [PA147.IG102.SP102.N101]
The interfaces should include, in addition to
product-component interfaces, all the interfaces with the environment as well as
other environments for verification, validation, operations, and support. [PA147.IG102.SP102.N102]
The interface changes are documented, maintained, and
readily accessible.
[PA147.IG102.SP102.N103]
Typical Work Products
1. Table of
relationships among the product components and the external environment (e.g.,
main power supply, fastening product, computer bus system)
[PA147.IG102.SP102.W101]
2. Table of
relationships between the different product components
[PA147.IG102.SP102.W102]
3. List of
agreed-to interfaces defined for each pair of product components, when
applicable [PA147.IG102.SP102.W103]
4. Reports from
the interface control working group meetings [PA147.IG102.SP102.W104]
5. Action items
for updating interfaces [PA147.IG102.SP102.W105]
6. Application
program interface (API) [PA147.IG102.SP102.W106]
7. Updated
interface description or agreement [PA147.IG102.SP102.W107]
Subpractices
1. Ensure the compatibility of
the interfaces throughout the life of the product.
[PA147.IG102.SP102.SubP101]
2. Resolve conflict,
noncompliance, and change issues. [PA147.IG102.SP102.SubP102]
3. Maintain a repository for
interface data accessible to project participants.
[PA147.IG102.SP102.SubP103]
A common accessible repository for
interface data provides a mechanism to ensure that everyone knows where the
current interface data resides and can access it for use.
[PA147.IG102.SP102.SubP103.N101]
SG 3 Assemble Product Components and Deliver the Product
Verified product components are assembled and the integrated, verified, and
validated product is delivered. [PA147.IG103]
Integration of product components proceeds according to
the product integration sequence and available procedures. Before integration,
each product component should be confirmed to be compliant with its interface
requirements. Product components are assembled into larger, more complex product
components. These assembled product components are checked for correct
interoperation. This process continues until product integration is complete.
If, during this process, problems are identified, the problem should be
documented and a corrective action process initiated. [PA147.IG103.N101]
Ensure that the assembly of the product components into
larger and more complex product components is conducted according to the product
integration sequence and available procedures. The timely receipt of needed
product components and the involvement of the right people contribute to the
successful integration of the product components that compose the product. [PA147.IG103.N102]
SP 3.1-1 Confirm Readiness of Product Components for Integration
Confirm, prior to assembly, that each product component required to assemble the
product has been properly identified, functions according to its description,
and that the product-component interfaces comply with the interface
descriptions. [PA147.IG103.SP101]
Refer to the Verification process area for more information about verifying
product components. [PA147.IG103.SP101.R101]
Refer to the Technical Solution process area for more information about
unit test of product components. [PA147.IG103.SP101.R102]
The purpose of this specific practice is to ensure that
the properly identified product component that meets its description can
actually be assembled according to the product integration sequence and
available procedures. The product components are checked for quantity, obvious
damage, and consistency between the product component and interface
descriptions.
[PA147.IG103.SP101.N101]
Those conducting product integration are ultimately
responsible for checking to make sure everything is proper with the product
components before assembly.
[PA147.IG103.SP101.N102]
Typical Work Products
1. Acceptance
documents for the received product components [PA147.IG103.SP101.W101]
2. Delivery
receipts [PA147.IG103.SP101.W102]
3. Checked
packing lists [PA147.IG103.SP101.W103]
4. Exception
reports [PA147.IG103.SP101.W104]
5. Waivers [PA147.IG103.SP101.W105]
Subpractices
1. Track the status of all
product components as soon as they become available for integration.
[PA147.IG103.SP101.SubP101]
2. Ensure that product components
are delivered to the product integration environment in accordance with the
product integration sequence and available procedures.
[PA147.IG103.SP101.SubP102]
3. Confirm the receipt of each
properly identified product component.
[PA147.IG103.SP101.SubP103]
4. Ensure that each received
product component meets its description. [PA147.IG103.SP101.SubP104]
5. Check the configuration status
against the expected configuration. [PA147.IG103.SP101.SubP105]
6. Perform pre-check (for
example, by a visual inspection and using basic measures) of all the physical
interfaces before connecting product components together.
[PA147.IG103.SP101.SubP106]
SP 3.2-1 Assemble Product Components
Assemble product components according to the product integration sequence and
available procedures. [PA147.IG103.SP102]
Refer to the Verification process area for more information about verifying
assembled product components.
[PA147.IG103.SP102.R101]
Refer to the Validation process area for more information about validating
assembled product components. [PA147.IG103.SP102.R102]
(For users of the continuous representation, this is a
capability level 1 specific practice. Product integration processes at
capability level 1 or 2 may not include procedures and criteria, which are
created in the Establish Product Integration Procedures and Criteria specific
practice at capability level 3. When there are no procedures or criteria
established, use the sequence established by the Determine Integration Sequence
specific practice to accomplish capability level 1 performance.) [PA147.IG103.SP102.N102]
The assembly activities of this specific practice and the
evaluation activities of the next specific practice are conducted iteratively,
from the initial product components, through the interim assemblies of product
components, to the product as a whole.
[PA147.IG103.SP102.N101]
For Supplier Sourcing
The
project should exercise reasonable oversight of these assembly processes. The
supplier agreements should specify appropriate oversight for critical
components. [PA147.IG103.SP102.N101.AMP101]
Typical Work Products
1. Assembled
product or product components [PA147.IG103.SP102.W101]
Subpractices
1. Ensure the readiness of the
product integration environment. [PA147.IG103.SP102.SubP101]
2. Ensure that the assembly
sequence is properly performed. [PA147.IG103.SP102.SubP102]
Record all appropriate information
(e.g., configuration status, serial numbers of the product components, types,
and calibration date of the meters).
[PA147.IG103.SP102.SubP102.N101]
3. Revise the product integration
sequence and available procedures as appropriate.
[PA147.IG103.SP102.SubP104]
SP 3.3-1 Evaluate Assembled Product Components
Evaluate assembled product components for interface compatibility. [PA147.IG103.SP103]
This evaluation involves examining and testing assembled
product components for performance, suitability, or readiness using the
available procedures and environment. It is performed as appropriate for
different stages of assembly of product components as identified in the product
integration sequence and available procedures. The product integration sequence
and available procedures may define a more refined integration and evaluation
sequence than might be envisioned just by examining the product architecture.
For example, if an assembly of product components is composed of four less
complex product components, the integration sequence will not necessarily call
for the simultaneous integration and evaluation of the four units as one.
Rather, the four less complex units may be integrated progressively, one at a
time, with an evaluation after each assembly operation prior to realizing the
more complex product component that matched the specification in the product
architecture. Alternatively, the integration sequence and available procedures
could have determined that only a final evaluation was the best one to perform. [PA147.IG103.SP103.N101]
Typical Work Products
1. Exception
reports [PA147.IG103.SP103.W102]
2. Interface
evaluation reports [PA147.IG103.SP103.W103]
3. Product
integration summary reports [PA147.IG103.SP103.W104]
Subpractices
1. Conduct the evaluation of
assembled product components following the product integration sequence and
available procedures. [PA147.IG103.SP103.SubP101]
2. Record the evaluation results. [PA147.IG103.SP103.SubP102]
Example results include the following:
[PA147.IG103.SP103.SubP102.N101]
· Any adaptation required to the integration procedure
· Any change to the product configuration (spare parts, new release)
· Evaluation procedure deviations
SP 3.4-1 Package and Deliver the Product or Product Component
Package the assembled product or product component and deliver it to the
appropriate customer. [PA147.IG103.SP104]
Refer to the Verification process area for more information about verifying
the product or an assembly of product components before packaging.
[PA147.IG103.SP104.R101]
Refer to the Validation process area for more information about validating
the product or an assembly of product components before packaging.
[PA147.IG103.SP104.R102]
The packaging requirements for some products may be
addressed in their specifications and verification criteria. This is especially
important when items are stored and transported by the customer. In such cases,
there may be a spectrum of environmental and stress conditions specified for the
package. In other circumstances, factors such as the following may become
important:
[PA147.IG103.SP104.N101]
· Economy and ease of transportation (e.g., containerization)
· Accountability (e.g., shrinkwrapping)
· Ease and safety of unpacking (e.g., sharp edges, strength of binding methods, childproofing, environmental friendliness of packing material, weight)
The adjustment required to fit product components together
in the factory could be different from the one required to fit product
components when installed on the operational site. In that case, the product's
logbook for the customer should be used to record such specific parameters. [PA147.IG103.SP104.N102]
Typical Work Products
1. Packaged
product or product components [PA147.IG103.SP104.W101]
2. Delivery
documentation [PA147.IG103.SP104.W102]
Subpractices
1. Review the requirements,
design, product, verification results, and documentation to ensure that issues
affecting the packaging and delivery of the product are identified and resolved. [PA147.IG103.SP104.SubP101]
2. Use effective methods to
package and deliver the assembled product. [PA147.IG103.SP104.SubP102]
For Software Engineering
Examples of software packaging and delivery methods include the following: [PA147.IG103.SP104.SubP102.AMP101]
· Magnetic tape
· Diskettes
· Hardcopy documents
· Compact disks
· Other electronic distribution such as the Internet
3. Satisfy the applicable
requirements and standards for packaging and delivering the product.
[PA147.IG103.SP104.SubP103]
For Software Engineering
Examples of requirements and standards for packaging and delivering the software include the following: [PA147.IG103.SP104.SubP103.AMP101]
· Type of storage and delivery media
· Custodians of the master and backup copies of the software
· Required documentation
· Copyrights
· License provisions
· Security of the software
For Systems Engineering
Examples of requirements and standards include those for safety, the environment, security, and transportability. [PA147.IG103.SP104.SubP103.AMP102]
4. Prepare the operational site
for installation of the product.
[PA147.IG103.SP104.SubP104]
Preparing the operational site may
be the responsibility of the customer or end users.
[PA147.IG103.SP104.SubP104.N101]
5. Deliver the product and
related documentation and confirm receipt.
[PA147.IG103.SP104.SubP105]
6. Install the product at the
operational site and confirm correct operation.
[PA147.IG103.SP104.SubP106]
Installing the product may be the
responsibility of the customer or end users. In some circumstances, very little
may need to be done to confirm correct operation. In other circumstances, final
verification of the integrated product occurs at the operational site.
[PA147.IG103.SP104.SubP106.N101]
Generic Practices by Goal
(Note: The detailed description of the GPs is available in a separate web page. Using the hyperlink provided here will open that web page in a separate window. However, the GP elaborations pertinent to the process area of this web page are available below.)
GG 1 Achieve Specific Goals
The process supports and enables achievement of the specific goals of the process area by transforming identifiable input work products to produce identifiable output work products.
Perform the base practices of the product integration process to develop work
products and provide services to achieve the specific goals of the process area. [GP102]
GG 2 Institutionalize a Managed Process
The process is institutionalized as a managed process.
GP 2.1 Establish an Organizational Policy
Establish and maintain an organizational policy for planning and performing the
product integration process. [GP103]
Elaboration:
This policy establishes organizational expectations for
developing product integration sequences, procedures, and an environment,
ensuring interface compatibility among product components, assembling the
product components, and delivering the product and product components. [PA147.EL101]
Establish and maintain the plan for performing the product integration process. [GP104]
Elaboration:
This plan for performing the product integration process
addresses the comprehensive planning for all of the specific practices in this
process area, from the preparation for product integration all the way through
to the delivery of the final product.
[PA147.EL102]
Provide adequate resources for performing the product integration process,
developing the work products, and providing the services of the process. [GP105]
Elaboration:
Product-component interface coordination may be
accomplished with an Interface Control Working Group consisting of people who
represent external and internal interfaces. Such groups can be used to elicit
needs for interface requirements development.
[PA147.EL115]
Special facilities may be required for assembling and
delivering the product. When necessary, the facilities required for the
activities in the Product Integration process area are developed or purchased. [PA147.EL116]
Examples of
other resources provided include the following tools: [PA147.EL117]
· Prototyping tools
· Analysis tools
· Simulation tools
· Interface management tools
· Assembly tools (e.g., compilers, make files, joining tools, jigs and fixtures)
Assign responsibility and authority for performing the process, developing the
work products, and providing the services of the product integration process. [GP106]
Train the people performing or supporting the product integration process as
needed. [GP107]
Elaboration:
Examples of
training topics include the following: [PA147.EL105]
· Application domain
· Product integration procedures and criteria
· Organization's facilities for integration and assembly
· Assembly methods
· Packaging standards
Place designated work products of the product integration process under
appropriate levels of configuration management. [GP109]
Elaboration:
Examples of
work products placed under configuration management include the following: [PA147.EL106]
· Acceptance documents for the received product components
· Evaluated assembled product and product components
· Product integration sequence
· Product integration procedures and criteria
· Updated interface description or agreement
GP 2.7 Identify and Involve Relevant Stakeholders
Identify and involve the relevant stakeholders of the product integration
process as planned. [GP124]
Elaboration:
Select relevant stakeholders from customers, end users,
developers, producers, testers, suppliers, marketers, maintainers, disposal
personnel, and others who may be affected by, or may affect, the product as well
as the process.
[PA147.EL120]
Examples of
activities for stakeholder involvement include the following: [PA147.EL121]
· Reviewing interface descriptions for completeness
· Establishing the product integration sequence
· Establishing the product integration procedures and criteria
· Assembling and delivering the product and product components
· Communicating the results after evaluation
· Communicating new, effective product integration processes to give affected people the opportunity to improve their performance
GP 2.8 Monitor and Control the Process
Monitor and control the product integration process against the plan for
performing the process and take appropriate corrective action.
[GP110]
Elaboration:
Examples of
measures used in monitoring and controlling include the following: [PA147.EL112]
· Product-component integration profile (e.g., product-component assemblies planned and performed, and number of exceptions found)
· Integration evaluation problem report trends (e.g., number written and number closed)
· Integration evaluation problem report aging (i.e., how long each problem report has been open)
GP 2.9 Objectively Evaluate Adherence
Objectively evaluate adherence of the product integration process against its
process description, standards, and procedures, and address noncompliance. [GP113]
Elaboration:
Examples of
activities reviewed include the following: [PA147.EL114]
· Establishing and maintaining a product integration sequence
· Ensuring interface compatibility
· Assembling product components and delivering the product
Examples of
work products reviewed include the following: [PA147.EL119]
· Product integration sequence
· Product integration procedures and criteria
· Acceptance documents for the received product components
· Assembled product and product components
GP 2.10 Review Status with Higher Level Management
Review the activities, status, and results of the product integration process
with higher level management and resolve issues.
[GP112]
GG 3 Institutionalize a Defined Process
The process is institutionalized as a defined process.
GP 3.1 Establish a Defined Process
Establish and maintain the description of a defined product integration process. [GP114]
GP 3.2 Collect Improvement Information
Collect work products, measures, measurement results, and improvement
information derived from planning and performing the product integration process
to support the future use and improvement of the organization’s processes and
process assets. [GP117]
GG 4 Institutionalize a Quantitatively Managed Process
The process is institutionalized as a quantitatively managed process.
GP 4.1 Establish Quantitative Objectives for the Process
Establish and maintain quantitative objectives for the product integration
process that address quality and process performance based on customer needs and
business objectives. [GP118]
GP 4.2 Stabilize Subprocess Performance
Stabilize the performance of one or more subprocesses to determine the ability
of the product integration process to achieve the established quantitative
quality and process-performance objectives. [GP119]
GG 5 Institutionalize an Optimizing Process
The process is institutionalized as an optimizing process.
GP 5.1 Ensure Continuous Process Improvement
Ensure continuous improvement of the product integration process in fulfilling
the relevant business objectives of the organization.
[GP125]
GP 5.2 Correct Root Causes of Problems
Identify and correct the root causes of defects and other problems in the
product integration process. [GP121]